The design, building, and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It's the primary device for sample recognition, monitoring, and identification of charged particles within the ALICE experiment on the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in form with a quantity close to 90 m 3 and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic field parallel to its axis. In this paper we describe intimately the design issues for iTagPro smart tracker this detector for operation within the excessive multiplicity surroundings of central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energy. The implementation of the resulting necessities into hardware (area cage, learn-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (fuel and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software led to many technical innovations which are described together with a presentation of all the most important parts of the detector, as presently realized. We also report on the performance achieved after completion of the primary round of stand-alone calibration runs and display outcomes near these specified within the TPC Technical Design Report.
ALICE ‘central barrel’, for tracking of charged particles and particle identification. The primary purpose of the ALICE experiment on the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the investigation of Pb-Pb collisions at a middle-of-mass vitality of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The resulting detector alternative was a big-volume TPC with overall ‘conventional’ lay-out however with nearly all other design parameters past the state of the art. This manuscript describes in detail the ensuing detector and outlines the path from design issues to construction and commissioning. In outline the ALICE TPC consists of a hollow cylinder whose axis is aligned with the beams from the LHC and is parallel to the ALICE detector’s solenoidal magnetic discipline. The detector track lost luggage is full of a counting gas consisting of a Ne-CO2-N2 mixture at atmospheric pressure. Charged particles traversing the detector ionize the gas. The ionization electrons drift, beneath the influence of the electric field, to the endplates of the cylinder, where their arrival level in the cylinder plane is precisely measured.
The ALICE set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The TPC surrounds the Inner Tracking System (ITS) which is optimized for the willpower of the first and secondary vertices and precision tracking of low-momentum particles. On the surface the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is designed for electron identification. The outermost Time-Of-Flight (TOF) array supplies pion, ItagPro kaon, and proton identification. In addition, there are three single-arm detectors: track lost luggage the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), the Electro-Magnetic CALorimeter (EMCAL) and an array of Rich counters optimized for top-Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID). L3 solenoidal magnet beforehand utilized by the L3 experiment. The stringent requirement on the TPC temperature stability and track lost luggage homogeneity necessitate an elaborate cooling approach. The strategy to stabilize the TPC temperature was validated experimentally in a small check setup and is described in Refs. Basically, it was demonstrated that thermal neutrality of the FECs may be achieved by ‘undercooling’, i.e. the cooling water is injected into the FEC cooling loops a number of levels beneath the specified TPC working fuel temperature. Furthermore, it was proven that the body cooling loops are required to ascertain stable equilibrium values of the gas operating temperature. The reaction of the leakless plant to the sudden appearance of a major leak, e.g. the inadvertent removing of a silicon hose with water circulation on, has been examined using specially made mock-up sectors. The 2 mock-up sectors used have roughly the same properties as a real sector when it comes to silicon-hose tubing, i.e. the strain distribution of the water is just like an actual sector. 0.7, as the results of an optimization course of, but might be a subject of additional investigation. Figure eighty one exhibits the TPC signal of cosmic tracks versus their momentum, from 8.3 million events.
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